Technical articles on Electronics and Electrical Engineering topics focused on Basics of EE, Electronic components, power systems and equipment used for generation, transmission, operation, and controls of electricity.
By introducing electrical reactance into the feedback loops of op-amp amplifier circuits, we can cause the output to respond to changes in the input voltage over time. Drawing their names from their respective calculus functions, the integrator produces a voltage output proportional to the product (multiplication) of the input voltage and time; and the differentiator (not to be confused with differential) … Read more
As suggested before, it is beneficial to be able to adjust the gain of the amplifier circuit without having to change more than one resistor value, as is necessary with the previous design of differential amplifier. The so-called instrumentation builds on the last version of differential amplifier to give us that capability: This intimidating circuit is constructed … Read more
An op-amp with no feedback is already a differential amplifier, amplifying the voltage difference between the two inputs. However, its gain cannot be controlled, and it is generally too high to be of any practical use. So far, our application of negative feedback to op-amps has resulting in the practical loss of one of the … Read more
If we take three equal resistors and connect one end of each to a common point, then apply three input voltages (one to each of the resistors’ free ends), the voltage seen at the common point will be the mathematical average of the three. This circuit is really nothing more than a practical application of Millman’s Theorem: … Read more
In instrumentation circuitry, DC signals are often used as analog representations of physical measurements such as temperature, pressure, flow, weight, and motion. Most commonly, DC current signals are used in preference to DC voltage signals, because current signals are exactly equal in magnitude throughout the series circuit loop carrying current from the source (measuring device) to the load (indicator, … Read more
A helpful analogy for understanding divided feedback amplifier circuits is that of a mechanical lever, with relative motion of the lever’s ends representing change in input and output voltages, and the fulcrum (pivot point) representing the location of the ground point, real or virtual. Take for example the following noninverting op-amp circuit. We know from … Read more
String efficiency is defined as the ratio of voltage across the whole string to the product of a number of discs and the voltage across the disc nearest to the conductor. Mathematical formula:
What is Sag Sag is defined as the difference in level between points of support and the lowest point on the conductor. Sag and Tension Calculation When Supports are at an equal level Consider a conductor that is suspended between two equal-level supports A and B. The lowest point is at O. If l = … Read more
In an induction motor, the voltage induced in the rotor bar is dependent upon the speed of the rotor relative to the magnetic field. This relative motion of the rotor and magnetic field can be expressed either in terms of slip speed or as slip. Also see: Top 5 Practical Applications of Induction Motors in … Read more
Suspension type Insulator What is Suspension Type Insulator A type of transmission line insulator that is used for voltage levels above 33 kV. Basic Construction and Working of Suspension Type Insulator It comprises of a number of porcelain discs that are connected in series by metal links in the form of string. One end of … Read more