Technical articles on Electronics and Electrical Engineering topics focused on Basics of EE, Electronic components, power systems and equipment used for generation, transmission, operation, and controls of electricity.
When it comes to voltage level there is no clear boundary between medium and high voltage. Your local standards and industry play a major role in specifying clear boundaries of voltage level. Given below are a few standards and general categorizations of Medium Voltage Level General categorization of Medium Voltage Level: Between 1000 V and … Read more
An open loop control system is a system in which control actions are independent of the output. The figure below illustrates the block diagram of an open-loop control systems. Top 10 Open Loop Control System Examples Time based Traffic Control System In a time-based traffic control system, each signal is allotted with a specific time … Read more
4 Band Resistor Color Coding BROWN BLACK GREEN GOLD 4 Band RESISTOR value: 1M Ohms ±5% A 4 Band resistor color code having resistor bands (Left to Right) Brown, Black, Green, Gold has value: 1M Ohms ±5% (1 mega ohms with tolerance of 5 percent). 10 * 100,000 ± 5% = 1,000,000 Ω ± 5% … Read more
BROWN BLACK GOLD GOLD Resistor Indicates What Value A 4 Band resistor with colored bands BROWN BLACK GOLD GOLD RESISTOR (From left to right) indicate resistor value: 1 Ohms ±5% So, 10 * 0.1 ohms ± 5% = 1 Ω ± 5% Tolerance value Also see: What does a Brown Black Red Gold Resistor indicate
A Steam Power Station converts heat energy of coal combustion into electrical energy. A steam power plant provides a couple of benefits and advantages. Given below are top 5 advantages of steam power station. Also see top 10 advantages of Hydropower plant Also Read: 8 Types of Electrical busbar connections
An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays, is the so-called auxiliary or lockout relay, designated by the ANSI/IEEE number code 86. The purpose of an 86 relay is to serve as an intermediary element between one or more protective relays and one or more control devices, both expanding the number … Read more
A primitive electromechanical impedance relay design for detecting faults along long-distance transmission lines uses a simple balance-beam mechanism to sense when the ratio of line current to line voltage (I/V) becomes excessive. It will trip if ever the impedance became too small (i.e. too much I and too little V ): This relay’s operating coil … Read more
Oscilloscope displays showing the raw voltage and current waveforms are clumsy representations of line impedance. Better visual representations for impedance exist, the most popular being a phasor diagram for line impedance with resistance (R) on the horizontal axis and reactance (X ) on the vertical axis, commonly referred to as an R-X diagram. The three … Read more
Capacitance, inductance, and resistance are all naturally present along miles of power line conductors: capacitance due to electric fields existing within the separation of the lines from one another and from earth ground by the dielectric of porcelain insulators and air; inductance due to the magnetic fields surrounding the lines as they carry current; and … Read more
In order to understand the rationale for distance relaying on transmission lines, it is useful to recognize the limitations of simple overcurrent (50/51) protection. Consider this single-line diagram of a transmission line bringing power from a set of bus-connected generators to a substation at some remote distance. For simplicity’s sake, only one protective relay is … Read more