Technical articles on Electronics and Electrical Engineering topics focused on Basics of EE, Electronic components, power systems and equipment used for generation, transmission, operation, and controls of electricity.
When two dissimilar metal wires are joined together at one end, a voltage is produced at the other end that is approximately proportional to temperature. That is to say, the junction of two different metals behaves like a temperature-sensitive battery. This form of electrical temperature sensor is called a thermocouple: This phenomenon provides us with … Read more
A protective relay is an electrical device that detects the electrical fault and initiates the operation of the circuit breaker to isolate the defective components from the power system. In this article you’ll learn the difference between Instantaneous and Time Overcurrent Relay Protection. Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to trip … Read more
A differential relay is a power system protection relay that operates when the phasor difference of two or more similar electrical quantities exceeds a pre-determined value. In this article, you’ll learn the differential protection of AC generators. Suppose we were to measure the amount of current at both ends of every phase winding in a three-phase generator, shown … Read more
A differential relay is a power system protection relay that operates when the phasor difference of two or more similar electrical quantities exceeds a pre-determined value. In this post you’ll learn the fundamentals of Differential relay protection systems. Also learn basics of Electrical Relays Basics of Differential Protection One of the fundamental laws of electric … Read more
This article presents 5 methods used to carry electrical power and signal cables from one place to another. In the interest of safety and longevity, one cannot simply route electrical power and signal cables randomly between different locations. Electrical cables must be properly supported to relieve mechanical stresses on the conductors, and protected from harsh … Read more
Question: What is the bandwidth of the circuit OR What do you mean by bandwidth of circuit? Answer: Bandwidth or BW of the resonant circuit is defined as the difference between the frequencies at which the circuit delivers half of the maximum power. Consider the figure below: The graph is the power response of a … Read more
If we add a voltage divider to the negative feedback wiring so that only a fraction of the output voltage is fed back to the inverting input instead of the full amount, the output voltage will be a multiple of the input voltage (please bear in mind that the power supply connections to the op-amp have been omitted once … Read more
The overall efficiency of a steam power station is approximately 33 to 48%. There are two major reasons behind this low efficiency. Heat is lost in condenser when converted into mechanical energy Heat losses at various stages of the plant Thermal efficiency of Steam Power Plant It is defined as the ratio of corresponding heat … Read more
If we connect the output of an op-amp to its inverting input and apply a voltage signal to the noninverting input, we find that the output voltage of the op-amp closely follows that input voltage (I’ve neglected to draw in the power supply, +V/-V wires, and ground symbol for simplicity): As Vin increases, Vout will increase in … Read more
Long before the advent of digital electronic technology, computers were built to electronically perform calculations by employing voltages and currents to represent numerical quantities. This was especially useful for the simulation of physical processes. A variable voltage, for instance, might represent velocity or force in a physical system. Through the use of resistive voltage dividers … Read more