BJT as Common-Base Amplifier – Transistor Common-Base Configuration

The final transistor amplifier configuration (Figure below) we need to study is the common-base. This configuration is more complex than the other two, and is less common due to its strange operating characteristics. It is called the common-base configuration because (DC power source aside), the signal source and the load share the base of the transistor as … Read more

BJT as Common Collector Amplifier – Transistor in Common Collector Configuration

The schematic diagram of a common-collector amplifier configuration is shown below. It is called the common-collector configuration because (ignoring the power supply battery) both the signal source and the load share the collector lead as a common connection point as in Figure below. It should be apparent that the load resistor in the common-collector amplifier circuit … Read more

BJT as Common Emitter Amplifier – Transistor Common Emitter Configuration

One of the simpler transistor amplifier circuits to study previously illustrated the transistor’s switching ability. (Figure below) It is called the common-emitter configuration because (ignoring the power supply battery) both the signal source and the load share the emitter lead as a common connection point shown in Figure below. This is not the only way in which a transistor … Read more

BJT Operation in Active Mode

When a transistor is in the fully-off state (like an open switch), it is said to be cutoff. Conversely, when it is fully conductive between emitter and collector (passing as much current through the collector as the collector power supply and load will allow), it is said to be saturated. These are the two modes of operation … Read more

Diode Voltage Multiplier Circuits

A voltage multiplier is a specialized rectifier circuit producing an output which is theoretically an integer times the AC peak input, for example, 2, 3, or 4 times the AC peak input. Thus, it is possible to get 200 VDC from a 100 Vpeak AC source using a doubler, 400 VDC from a quadrupler. Any load in a … Read more

How to Test a BJT Transistor using Digital Multimeter

Bipolar transistors are constructed of a three-layer semiconductor “sandwich,” either PNP or NPN. As such, transistors register as two diodes connected back-to-back when tested with a multimeter’s “resistance” or “diode check” function as illustrated in Figure below. Low resistance readings on the base with the black negative (-) leads correspond to an N-type material in … Read more

Star or Wye Connection Circuit Diagram

In Wye or Star connection all three wires are connected at a single neutral point. The left side of the figure below displays a circuit diagram of the Wye connection. While the right side displays how a practical Wye/Star connection will look like.

Decimal to Binary Conversion

Let’s count from zero to twenty using four different kinds of numeration systems: hash marks, Roman numerals, decimal, and binary: System: Hash Marks Roman Decimal Binary ——- ———- —– ——- —— Zero n/a n/a 0 0 One | I 1 1 Two || II 2 10 Three ||| III 3 11 Four |||| IV 4 … Read more